Tuesday, April 28, 2015

28th April 2015 DIED - BORN 28TH JULY 1971 ABU BAKR AL-BAGHDADI

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Arabic: أبو بكر البغدادي‎
Al-Furqān Media Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.png
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi delivering a sermon in the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, July 2014
Native nameArabic: إبراهيم عواض إبراهيم علي محمد البدري السامرائي‎
BornIbrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali Muhammad al-Badri al-Samarrai[1]
28 July 1971 (age 43)[2]
Near Samarra, Iraq[2]
NationalityIraqi
Other namesCaliph Ibrahim
Abu Du'a[3]
'The Invisible Sheikh'[4]
Known forLeader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
PredecessorAbu Omar al-Baghdadi
ReligionIslam (Salafism)[5][6]
Criminal charge
Abu Du'a is a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under U.S. Executive Order 13224. He is also listed at theUnited Nations Security Council 1267/1989 al-Qaida Sanctions Committee.
Military career
Allegiance Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah
(2003–2006)
 Mujahideen Shura Council(January 2006–October 2006)
 Islamic State of Iraq(October 2006–April 2013)
 ISIL
(April 2013–present)
Years of service2003–present
RankCaliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Battles/wars
Syria
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Arabic: أبو بكر البغدادي‎, ʾabū bakri l-baḡdādī)[7][8][9] or Abu Du'a,[3] (أبو دعاء, ʾabū duʿāʾ) alternatively called Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Qurashi[10] (أبو بكر البغدادي الحسيني الهاشمي القرشي, ʾabū bakri l-baḡdādī l-ḥusaynī l-hāšimī l-qurašī) and known to his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin or Caliph Ibrahim (خَلِيفَةُ إِبْرَاهِيم ḵalīfatu ʾibrāhīm;[7] born as Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri),[11] is the leader[12][13][14] of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), an Islamic extremist group in western Iraq, Libya, northeast Nigeria and Syria self-styled as the "Islamic State". It is believed that he has been proclaimed by his followers to be aCaliph.[15]
On 4 October 2011, the U.S. State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist, and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.[15][16] Only the leader of al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri, merits a larger reward (US$25 million).[17]

Background[edit]

Al-Baghdadi is believed to have been born near Samarra, Iraq, in 1971.[18] In his teens Baghdadi had a passion for football. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, contemporaries of Baghdadi trace how he went from being a shy, unimpressive, religious scholar and man who eschewed violence, to an infamously dangerous extremist. For more than a decade, until 2004, he lived in a room attached to a small local mosque in Tobchi, a poor and ramshackle neighbourhood on the western fringes of Baghdad, inhabited by both Shia and Sunni Muslim residents.[11]
The description of Baghdadi given by another of his contemporaries, Ahmed al-Dabash, the leader of the Islamic Army of Iraq who fought against the allied invasion in 2003, matched that of the Tobchi resident:
"I was with Baghdadi at the Islamic University. We studied the same course, but he wasn't a friend. He was quiet, and retiring. He spent time alone. Later, when he helped found the Islamic Army, Mr Dabash fought alongside militia leaders who were committing some of the worst excesses in violence and would later form al-Qaeda...[but] Baghdadi was not one of them, I used to know all the leaders (of the insurgency) personally. Zarqawi (the former leader of al-Qaeda) was closer than a brother to me...But I didn't know Baghdadi. He was insignificant. He used to lead prayer in a mosque near my area. No one really noticed him."[11]
American and Iraqi intelligence analysts in 2014 said Baghdadi has a doctorate in Islamic studies from a university in Baghdad.[19]
According to a biography that circulated on jihadist internet forums in July 2013, he obtained a BA, MA, and PhD in Islamic studies from the Islamic University of Baghdad.[8][18][20][21] Another report says that he earned a doctorate in education from the University of Baghdad.[22]
"They (the US and Iraqi Governments) know physically who this guy is, but his backstory is just myth," said Patrick Skinner of the Soufan Group, a security consulting firm. "He's managed this secret persona extremely well, and it's enhanced his group's prestige," said Patrick Johnston of the RAND Corporation. "Young people are really attracted to that." [23] He is so unrecognized even in his own organization Baghdadi is nicknamed "the invisible sheikh".[4]

Militant activity[edit]

Some believe that he was already a militant jihadist during the rule of Saddam Hussein, but other reports contradict this. He may have been a mosque cleric at around the time of the US-led invasion in 2003.[24]
After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Baghdadi helped to found the militant group Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah (JJASJ), in which he served as head of the sharia committee.[21] Al-Baghdadi and his group joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) in 2006, in which he served as a member of the MSC's sharia committee. Following the renaming of the MSC as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, al-Baghdadi became the general supervisor of the ISI's sharia committee and a member of the group's senior consultative council.[21][25]

US internment[edit]


Mugshot of al-Baghdadi.
Bakr al-Baghdadi had been arrested by US Forces-Iraq in early 2004 near Fallujah and been detained at Camp Bucca detention center under his name Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badry,[19] as a "civilian internee", from February until December 2004, when he was recommended for release by a Combined Review and Release Board.[21][26] That December 2004 he was released, as ‘low level prisoner’.[19]
A number of newspapers and cable news channels have instead stated that al-Baghdadi was interned from 2005 to 2009. These reports originate from an interview with the former commander of Camp Bucca, Colonel Kenneth King, and are not substantiated by Department of Defense records.[27][28][29] Al-Baghdadi was imprisoned at Camp Bucca along with other future leaders of ISIL.[30]

As leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq[edit]

MENU
0:00
Public service announcement for thebounty (reward) of al-Baghdadi (aka Abu Du'a) from Rewards for Justice Program
The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), also known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), was the Iraqi division of al-Qaeda. Al-Baghdadi was announced as leader of the ISI on 16 May 2010, following the death of his predecessor Abu Omar al-Baghdadi.[31]
As leader of the ISI, al-Baghdadi was responsible for masterminding large-scale operations such as the 28 August 2011 suicide bombing at the Umm al-Qura Mosque in Baghdad, which killed prominent Sunni lawmaker Khalid al-Fahdawi.[16] Between March and April 2011, the ISI claimed 23 attacks south of Baghdad, all allegedly carried out under al-Baghdadi's command.[16]
Following the death of founder and head of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, on 2 May 2011, in Abbottabad, Pakistan, al-Baghdadi released a statement praising bin Laden and threatening violent retaliation for his death.[16]On 5 May 2011, al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for an attack in Hilla, 62 miles (100 km) south of Baghdad, that killed 24 policemen and wounded 72 others.[16][32]
On 15 August 2011, a wave of ISI suicide attacks beginning in Mosul resulted in 70 deaths.[16] Shortly thereafter, in retaliation for bin Laden's death, the ISI pledged on its website to carry out 100 attacks across Iraq featuring various methods of attack, including raids, suicide attacks, roadside bombs and small arms attacks, in all cities and rural areas across the country.[16]
On 22 December 2011, a series of coordinated car bombings and IED (improvised explosive device) attacks struck over a dozen neighborhoods across Baghdad, killing at least 63 people and wounding 180. The assault came just days after the US completed its troop withdrawal from the country.[33] On 26 December, the ISI released a statement on jihadist internet forums claiming credit for the operation, stating that the targets of the Baghdad attack were "accurately surveyed and explored" and that the "operations were distributed between targeting security headquarters, military patrols and gatherings of the filthy ones of the al-Dajjal Army", referring to the Mahdi Army of Shia warlord Muqtada al-Sadr.[33]
On 2 December 2012, Iraqi officials claimed that they had captured al-Baghdadi in Baghdad following a two-month tracking operation. Officials claimed that they had also seized a list containing the names and locations of other al-Qaeda operatives.[34][35] However, this claim was rejected by the ISI.[36] In an interview with Al Jazeera on 7 December 2012, Iraq's Acting Interior Minister said that the arrested man was not al-Baghdadi, but rather a section commander in charge of an area stretching from the northern outskirts of Baghdad to Taji.[37]

Leader of ISIL[edit]

Expansion into Syria and break with al-Qaeda[edit]

Al-Baghdadi remained leader of the ISI until its formal expansion into Syria in 2013, when in a statement on 8 April 2013, he announced the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)—alternatively translated from the Arabic as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).[38]
When announcing the formation of ISIL, al-Baghdadi stated that the Syrian Civil War jihadist faction, Jabhat al-Nusra—also known as al-Nusra Front—had been an extension of the ISI in Syria and was now to be merged with ISIL.[38][39] The leader of Jabhat al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Jawlani, disputed this merging of the two groups and appealed to al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri, who issued a statement that ISIL should be abolished and that al-Baghdadi should confine his group's activities to Iraq.[40] Al-Baghdadi, however, dismissed al-Zawahiri's ruling and took control of a reported 80% of Jabhat al-Nusra's foreign fighters.[41] In January 2014, ISIL expelled Jabhat al-Nusra from the Syrian city of Ar-Raqqah, and in the same month clashes between the two in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate killed hundreds of fighters and displaced tens of thousands of civilians.[42] In February 2014, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.[43]
According to several Western sources, al-Baghdadi and ISIL have received private financing from citizens in Saudi Arabia and Qatar and enlisted fighters through recruitment drives in Saudi Arabia in particular.[44][45][46][47]

As Caliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[edit]

On 29 June 2014, ISIL announced the establishment of a worldwide caliphate. Al-Baghdadi was named its caliph, to be known as "Caliph Ibrahim", and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was renamed the "Islamic State" (IS).[9][48] There has been much debate especially across the Muslim world about the legitimacy of these moves.
The declaration of a caliphate has been heavily criticized by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[49] and Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[50]
As a caliph, al-Baghdadi is supposedly required to hold to each dictate of the sunnah whose precedence has been set in the recorded in sahih hadiths and has an established chain of narration. According to tradition, if a caliph fails to meet any of these obligations at any period, he is legally required to abdicate his position and the community would appoint a new caliph, theoretically selected for being the most religiously and spiritually pious individual among them.[51] However, due to widespread rejection of Baghdadi's caliphhood, the status of his caliphism has been compared to other caliphs whose caliphship has been questioned.[52]
In an audiotaped message, al-Baghdadi announced that ISIL would march on "Rome"—generally interpreted to mean the West—in its quest to establish an Islamic State from the Middle East across Europe. He said that he would conquer both Rome and Spain in this endeavor[53][54] and urged Muslims across the world to immigrate to the new Islamic State.[53]
On 5 July 2014, a video was released apparently showing al-Baghdadi making a speech at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, northern Iraq. A representative of the Iraqi government denied that the video was of al-Baghdadi, calling it a "farce".[50] However, both the BBC[55] and the Associated Press[56] quoted unnamed Iraqi officials as saying that the man in the video was believed to be al-Baghdadi. In the video, al-Baghdadi declared himself the world leader of Muslims and called on Muslims everywhere to support him.[57]
On 8 July 2014, ISIL launched its online magazine Dabiq. The title appears to have been selected for its eschatological connections with the Islamic version of the End times, or Malahim.[58]
According to a report in October 2014, after suffering serious injuries, al-Baghdadi fled ISIL's capital city Ar-Raqqah due to the intense bombing campaign launched by Coalition forces, and sought refuge in the Iraqi city of Mosul, the largest city under ISIL control.[59]
On 5 November 2014, al-Baghdadi sent a message to al-Qaeda Emir Ayman al-Zawahiri requesting him to sever his allegiance to Taliban commander Mullah Mohammed Omar. Al-Bagdahdi allegedly called the Taliban leader "an ignorant, illiterate warlord, unworthy of spiritual or political respect". He then urged al-Zawahiri to swear allegiance to him as Caliph, in return for a position in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The source of this information was a senior Taliban intelligence officer. Al-Zawahiri did not reply, and instead reassured the Taliban of his loyalty to Mullah Omar.[60]
On 7 November 2014, there were unconfirmed reports of al-Baghdadi's death after an airstrike in Mosul,[61] while other reports said that he was only wounded.[62][63]
On 13 November 2014, ISIL released an audiotaped message, claiming it to be in the voice of al-Baghdadi. In the 17-minute recording, released via social media, the speaker said that ISIL fighters would never cease fighting "even if only one soldier remains". The speaker urged supporters of the Islamic State to "erupt volcanoes of jihad" across the world. He called for attacks to be mounted in Saudi Arabia—describing Saudi leaders as "the head of the snake" and said that the US-led military campaign in Syria and Iraq was failing. He also said that ISIL would keep on marching and would "break the borders" of Jordan and Lebanon and "free Palestine."[64]

Sectarianism and theocracy[edit]

On 20 January 2015, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that al-Baghdadi had been wounded in an airstrike in Al-Qa'im, an Iraqi border town held by ISIL, and as a result, withdrew to Syria.[65] Through his forename ,he is rumored to be styling himself after the first ever Caliph, Abu Bakr, who led the so-called "Rightly Guided" or the Rashidun. One of the distinctive comportments that the original Abu Bakr was distinguished by was the Sunnistic tradition recalling him replacing Muhammad as prayer leader when he was suffering from illnesses.[66] Another feature of the original Rashidun was what some historians dub as the first Sunnist Shiist discord during the Battle of Siffin. Some publishers have drawn a correlation between those ancient events and modern events under Baghdadi's reign.[67][68]
On 8 February 2015, after 56 Jordanian airstrikes had killed 7,000 ISIL militants from 5–7 February, Abu Bakr al-Bagdadi was said to have fled from Ar-Raqqah to Mosul, out of fear for his life.[69]
It has been reported that al-Baghdadi was wounded in a 18 March 2015 Coalition airstrike at the al-Baaj District, in the Nineveh Governorate, near the Syrian border. It was reported that his wounds were so serious that the top ISIL leaders had a meeting to discuss who would replace him if he died. By 21 April, al-Bagdadi reportedly had not yet recovered enough from his injuries to resume daily control of ISIL.[70] The Pentagon said that al-Baghdadi had not been the target of the airstrikes and that "We have no reason to believe it was Baghdadi."[71]
Iraqi government sources, reported on April 22, 2015, that Abu Alaa Afri, the self-proclaimed caliph's deputy and a former Iraqi physics teacher, has now been installed as the stand-in leader while Baghdadi recuperates from his injuries.[72] Due to relative stationary nature of Islamic State control and the scripture themed legal system, some analysts have declared Baghdadi a theocract and IS a theocracy.[73]

Family[edit]

Little is known about al-Baghdadi's family and sources provide conflicting information. Reuters, quoting tribal sources in Iraq, reports Baghdadi has three wives, two Iraqis and one Syrian.[74] The Iraqi Interior Ministry has said, "There is no wife named Saja al-Dulaimi" and that al-Baghdadi has two wives, Asma Fawzi Mohammed al-Dulaimi and Israa Rajab Mahal A-Qaisi.[75]

Saja al-Dulaimi[edit]

According to many sources, Saja al-Dulaimi is or was al-Baghdadi's wife. The couple met and fell in love online.[76]
She was arrested in Syria in late 2013 or early 2014, and was released from a Syrian jail in March 2014 as part of a prisoner swap involving 150 women, in exchange for 13 nuns taken captive by al-Qaeda-linked militants. Also released in March were her two sons and her younger brother.[77]
Al-Dulaimi's family allegedly all adhere to ISIL's ideology. Her father, Ibrahim Dulaimi, a so-called ISIL emir in Syria, was reportedly killed in September 2013 during an operation against the Syrian Army in Deir Attiyeh. Her sister, Duaa, was allegedly behind a suicide attack that targeted a Kurdish gathering in Erbil.[78] The Iraq Interior Ministry has said that her brother is facing execution in Iraq for a series of bombings in southern Iraq.[75][79] The Iraq government, however, said that al-Dulaimi is the daughter of an active member of al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria, al-Nusra Front.[80]
In late November 2014, al-Dulaimi was arrested and held for questioning by Lebanese authorities, along with two sons and a young daughter. They were traveling on false documents.[74] The children are being held in a care center while Dulaimi is interrogated.[80]
The capture was a joint intelligence operation by Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, with the US assisting Iraq. Al-Dulaimi's potential intelligence value is unknown. An unnamed intelligence source told The New York Times that during the Iraq war, when the Americans captured a wife of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, "We got little out of her, and when we sent her back, Zarqawi killed her."[75] Al-Baghdadi's family members are seen by the Lebanese authorities as potential bargaining chips in prisoner exchanges.[81]
In the clearest explanation yet of al-Dulaimi's connection to al-Baghdadi, Lebanese Interior Minister Nohad Machnouk told Lebanon's MTV channel that "Dulaimi is not Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's wife currently. She has been married three times: first to a man from the former Iraqi regime, with whom she had two sons."[80] Other sources identify her first husband as Fallah Ismail Jassem, a member of the Rashideen Army, who was killed in a battle with the Iraqi Army in 2010.[77] Machnouk continued, "Six years ago she married Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi for three months, and she had a daughter with him. Now, she is married to a Palestinian and she is pregnant with his child." The Minister added, "We conducted DNA tests on her and the daughter, which showed she was the mother of the girl, and that the girl is [Baghdadi's] daughter, based on DNA from Baghdadi from Iraq."[80][82]
Al-Monitor reported a Lebanese security source as saying that al-Dulaimi had been under scrutiny since early 2014. He said, "[Jabhat al-Nusra] insisted back in March on including her in the swap that ended the kidnapping of the Maaloula nuns. The negotiators said on their behalf that she was very important, and they were ready to cancel the whole deal for her sake," adding, "It was later revealed by Abu Malik al-Talli, one of al-Nusra's leaders, that she was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's wife."[83]
On December 9, 2014, al-Dulaimi and her current Palestinian husband Kamal Khalaf were formally arrested after the Lebanese Military Court issued warrants and filed charges for belonging to a terrorist group, holding contacts with terrorist organizations, and planning to carry out terrorist acts. Her freedom was offered in a hostage swap deal.[84]

Children[edit]

According to a source interviewed by The Guardian, al-Baghdadi married in Iraq in around 2000 after finishing his doctorate. He had a son soon after, aged 11 years old in 2014.[11]
A four- to six-year-old girl who was detained in Lebanon in 2014 is allegedly al-Baghdadi's daughter.[80]

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

** 28th April 2015 DIED - BORN 28TH JULY 1971 ABU ...

  1. https://plus.google.com/.../Uwz...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    Bhushan Patil
    १४ मिनिटांपूर्वी - 28th April 2015 DIED - BORN 28TH JULY 1971 ABU BAKR AL-BAGHDADI Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ...

Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi dead: Radio Iran ...

  1. www.dnaindia.com › News › World
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    1 दिवसापूर्वी - In what seems to be a massive setback to the terror group Islamic State (IS), its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has died, as per Radio Iran reports ...

Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi reported dead by Radio Iran

  1. www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-leader-abu-bakr...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    १८ तासांपूर्वी - Reports on Radio Iran that the notorious caliph of Isis - also known as Islamic State (IS) - Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has died have yet to be ...

Islamic State chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi dead, claims ...

  1. indianexpress.com › ... › world-others
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    1 दिवसापूर्वी - According to Radio Iran, Islamic State chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is dead following injuries from an air strike against an Iraqi target last month.

Islamic State chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has died, claims ...

  1. zeenews.india.com › World News
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    १८ तासांपूर्वी - In what could deal a severe jolt to the extremist organisation Islamic State, Radio Iran has claimed that ISIS caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has ...

ISIS chief al-Baghdadi and 11 terrifying laws of his regime ...

  1. indiatoday.intoday.in/...baghdadi.../432...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    २३ तासांपूर्वी - Illustration by Saurabh SinghAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the dreaded leader of ISIS, was reported dead on Monday, according to Radio Iran.

ISIS Leader Al Baghdadi Dies in Israeli Hospital | Veterans ...

  1. www.veteranstoday.com/.../isis-leader-a...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    १७ तासांपूर्वी - TEHRAN (FNA)- Leader of the ISIL terrorist group Abu Bakr al-Baghdadihas died and members of the Takfiri group in Iraq have already sworn ...

ISIS Leader Al-Baghdadi Dead, Radio Iran Claims | Zero ...

  1. www.zerohedge.com/.../isis-leader-al-b...
    या पानाचे भाषांतर करा
    1 दिवसापूर्वी - Following The Guardian's report that ISIS leadder Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadihad received serious "life-threatening" injuries during a US-led ...

    References[edit]

    Portal iconIraq portal
    Portal iconIslam portal
    Portal iconIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant portal
    Portal iconTerrorism portal
    1. Jump up^ Hal, John; Hanna, Laurie. "Report card emerges showing ISIS leader struggled at school". Mail Online. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
    2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee adds Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai to its Sanctions List" (Press release). United Nations Security Council, SC/10405. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
    3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Rewards for Justice - Wanted". U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Retrieved 8 December 2014. (webcitation)
    4. ^ Jump up to:a b Crompton, Paul (30 June 2014). "The rise of the new 'caliph,' ISIS chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
    5. Jump up^ "ISIS chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in video,confirmed Salafi - See more at: http://kohram.in/isis-chief-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-in-videoconfirmed-salafi/#sthash.DyUgxcdY.dpuf". Kohram. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 11 April2015.
    6. Jump up^ "The many names of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". Al Monitor. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
    7. ^ Jump up to:a b Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
    8. ^ Jump up to:a b "Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". BBC News. 5 July 2014. Retrieved20 July 2014.
    9. ^ Jump up to:a b "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
    10. Jump up^ Anjarini, Suhaib (2 July 2014). "Al-Baghdadi following in bin Laden's footsteps". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
    11. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Sherlock, Ruth (11 November 2014). "How a talented footballer became world's most wanted man, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
    12. Jump up^ Dov Lieber (November 9, 2014). "Iraqi official confirms Islamic State leader Baghdadi injured in US airstrike". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. Retrieved16 March 2015.
    13. Jump up^ "Iran Asks for Worldwide Prosecution of ISIL Ringleader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi". FARS News agency. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
    14. Jump up^ Iran Asks for Worldwide Prosecution of ISIL Ringleader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi[dead link]
    15. ^ Jump up to:a b "Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria" (Press release).United States Department of State. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
    16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Terrorist Designation of Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri"(Press release). United States Department of State. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.(webcitation)
    17. Jump up^ "IRAQ: U.S. offers $10-million reward for Al Qaeda in Iraq leader". Los Angeles Times. 7 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. (webcitation)
    18. ^ Jump up to:a b Chulov, Martin (6 July 2014). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi emerges from shadows to rally Islamist followers". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2014.This article reported the university at which he studied as being in Adhamiya, the location of the Islamic University, but apparently misnamed it the University of Islamic Sciences.
    19. ^ Jump up to:a b c "U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel". The New York Times. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
    20. Jump up^ "A biography of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". Insite Blog on Terrorism & Extremism. SITE Intelligence Group. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August2014. He is "a graduate of the Islamic University in Baghdad, where he finished his academic studies (BA, MA and PhD)
    21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force". BBC News. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
    22. Jump up^ Beaumont, Peter (12 June 2014). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The Isis chief with the ambition to overtake al-Qaida". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 December2014.
    23. Jump up^ "The Secret Life of ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". NBC News. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
    24. Jump up^ "Profile: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". BBC News. 5 July 2014. Retrieved8 December 2014.
    25. Jump up^ Beaumont, Peter (1 August 2014). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The ISIS chief with the ambition to overtake al-Qaida". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 June2014.
    26. Jump up^ Greenberg, Jon (19 June 2014). "Fox's Pirro: Obama set ISIS leader free in 2009". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
    27. Jump up^ McCoy, Terrence (11 June 2014). "How ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi became the world's most powerful jihadist leader". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
    28. Jump up^ Freeman, Colin (11 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: the jihadist behind the takeover of Mosul - and how America let him go". The Telegraph. Retrieved10 December 2014.
    29. Jump up^ Greenberg, Jon. "Actor James Woods: Obama ordered the release of Islamic State leader". Tampa Bay Times: Pundit Fact. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
    30. Jump up^ McCoy, Terrence (4 November 2014). "How the Islamic State evolved in an American prison". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
    31. Jump up^ Shadid, Anthony (16 May 2010). "Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
    32. Jump up^ "Abu Du‘a". Counterterrorism 2014 Calendar. The National Counterterrorism Center. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
    33. ^ Jump up to:a b Roggio, Bill (27 December 2011). "Al Qaeda in Iraq claims Baghdad suicide attack, bombings". The Long War Journal (Public Multimedia Incorporated (PMI)). Retrieved 29 December 2011. (webcitation)
    34. Jump up^ "Iraq's 'al-Qaeda chief' arrested". Aljazeera. 2 December 2012. Retrieved2 December 2012.
    35. Jump up^ Tawfeeq, Mohammed (3 December 2012). "High-ranking al Qaeda in Iraq figure arrested, officials say". CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
    36. Jump up^ Roggio, Bill (7 December 2012). "Islamic State of Iraq denies its emir captured". The Long War Journal (Public Multimedia Incorporated (PMI)). Retrieved 7 December 2012.
    37. Jump up^ Arraf, Jane (7 December 2012). "Detained man is not al-Qaeda in Iraq leader". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
    38. ^ Jump up to:a b "ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension in Syria, Declares 'Islamic State of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name Of Merged Group".MEMRI. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
    39. Jump up^ "Category Archives: Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām". Jihadology. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
    40. Jump up^ Mroue, Bassem (11 June 2013). "Syria And Iraq Al Qaeda Merger Annulment Announced By Ayman Al Zawahri". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
    41. Jump up^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (10 July 2013). "Syria's al-Nusra Front – ruthless, organised and taking control". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
    42. Jump up^ Holmes, Oliver (12 May 2014). "This disowned Al Qaeda branch is killing more Al Qaeda fighters in Syria than anyone else". Thomson ReutersGlobalPost. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
    43. Jump up^ Sly, Liz (3 February 2014). "Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
    44. Jump up^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (22 August 2013). "Bay'ah to Baghdadi: Foreign Support for Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    45. Jump up^ Hauslohner, Abigail (13 June 2014). "Jihadist Expansion in Iraq puts Persian Gulf states in a tight spot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    46. Jump up^ Keating, Joshua (16 June 2014). "Why the Iraq Mess Is So Awkward for Saudi Arabia". Slate. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    47. Jump up^ "ISIL targets Saudi Arabia in recruitment drive". The National. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    48. Jump up^ Withnall, Adam (30 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
    49. Jump up^ "'They're delusional': Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state". CBS News. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
    50. ^ Jump up to:a b Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July2014.
    51. Jump up^ Islamist Thinkers in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic, page 141, Ahmet Şeyhun - 2014
    52. Jump up^ Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism Among Youth to Prevent Terrorism, E. Ragab, V. Chin - 2014
    53. ^ Jump up to:a b Elgot, Jessica (2 July 2014). "ISIS Head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Warns 'We Will Conquer Rome'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
    54. Jump up^ "Dabiq: The Strategic Messaging of the Islamic State" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
    55. Jump up^ "Isis video 'shows al-Baghdadi alive' after death rumours". BBC News. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    56. Jump up^ Lucas, Ryan; Hadid, Diaa (5 July 2014). "Video purportedly shows extremist leader in Iraq". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
    57. Jump up^ "ISIS leader calls for global Muslim obedience". Middle East Star. 5 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
    58. Jump up^ "The Islamic State Releases Dabiq Magazine" (PDF). MSA Worldview. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
    59. Jump up^ "'Injured' ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Flees Syria to Escape From US Airstrikes". International Business Times. 1 October 2014. Retrieved19 October 2014.
    60. Jump up^ Yousafzai, Sami; Seibert, Sam (5 November 2014). "ISIS vs. the Taliban: The Battle for Hearts and Minds". Vocativ. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    61. Jump up^ "Two IS leaders killed in airstrikes". Sky News. 5 July 2014. Retrieved8 November 2014.
    62. Jump up^ "ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi wounded in U.S. airstrike, Iraq officials say". CBC. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
    63. Jump up^ http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/video-isis-leader-baghdadi-injured-mosul-aired-balad-tv/
    64. Jump up^ "Islamic State: 'Baghdadi message' issued by jihadists". BBC News. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
    65. Jump up^ Master. "Iraq: ISIS leader Baghdadi injured, stays in Syria". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
    66. Jump up^ The Middle East and South Asia 2014 - Page 163, Malcolm Russell - 2014
    67. Jump up^ Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore - Page 38, Jay Sekulow - 2014
    68. Jump up^ Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring, Larbi Sadiki, 2014 pag 153
    69. Jump up^ http://www.news.com.au/world/jordan-will-not-hesitate-to-kill-isis-leader/story-fndir2ev-1227214017631
    70. Jump up^ http://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-state-head-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-seriously-injured-us-led-air-strike-iran-2206502.html
    71. Jump up^ "Conflicting reports on IS head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's fate". BBC News. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
    72. Jump up^ Jack Moore (April 22, 2015). "ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher". Newsweek. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
    73. Jump up^ ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, Michael Weiss, Hassan Hassan - 2015
    74. ^ Jump up to:a b Bassam, Laila; Westall, Sylvia (2 December 2014). "Lebanon detains wife of Islamic State leader". Reuters. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    75. ^ Jump up to:a b c Mullen, Jethro (3 December 2014). "Mystery surrounds arrest of woman who may be ISIS leader's wife". CNN. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
    76. Jump up^ Windrem, Robert (3 December 2014). "ISIS Head Baghdadi and Wife Fell in Love On-Line, Say Sources". NBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    77. ^ Jump up to:a b Varghese, Johnlee (27 July 2014). "Images of ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Wife, Sons Leaked". International Business Times. Retrieved8 December 2014.
    78. Jump up^ "Photos surface of ISIS leader Baghdadi's wife". Al Arabiya. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    79. Jump up^ "Iraq says woman detained in Lebanon is not Baghdadi wife". Brantford Expositor. Reuters. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
    80. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Lebanon 'holding IS leader's daughter and ex-wife'". BBC News. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
    81. Jump up^ "Officials: ISIL leader's wife, son detained in Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    82. Jump up^ "Lebanon says detained woman was Baghdadi wife for three months". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
    83. Jump up^ Hashem, Ali (3 December 2014). "IS leader's 'captured wife' may not be who she says she is". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
    84. Jump up^ "Lebanon formally arrests ISIS chief's ex-wife Dulaimi". The Daily Star(Lebanon). 10 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

    External links[edit]

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.
    Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
    Born: 1971 Died: N/A
    Salafi titles
    Preceded by
    Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca    		First Caliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
    2013–present    		Succeeded by
    N/A

    Posted by at

    No comments:

    Post a Comment

    Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)